Integrating Sources: Quoting, Paraphrasing, & Summarizing: List of signal phrases

Things to remember about signal phrases and verbs:

• Use a variety of signal phrases in your writing to prevent repetition and monotony.
• In APA papers, use only the author's last name in a signal phrase. In MLA papers, include the author's first name and relevant credentials/affiliations the first time you reference them in a signal phrase. Use only the author's last name in additional signal phrases for MLA papers.
• Use past tense signal phrases for APA papers; use present tense signal phrases for MLA papers.
• Each signal phrase should be followed by the word "that" or a comma before including the quotation.